Role of agriculture

Farming is the prevailing movement of poor nations, for example, Zimbabwe, which improve our comprehension of the dualistic. In the enhancement of farming in monetary turn of events, a main inquiry is the manner by which horticulture adds to financial development and there is by all accounts a Catch 22 in the job of agribusiness in monetary turn of events. A notable financial expert Simon Kuznets assumed a basic job in thinking of the jobs of farming to monetary turn of events; these grasp work commitment, outside trade commitment and the market contribution.The horticultural division has saved its situation in the commitment to Zimbabwe’s monetary development as observed by its obvious commitment to the national Gross Domestic Product. For instance, it has been famous that the rural division has made a persuading commitment to the national fiscus which was upset by inconsistent precipitation designs which hit a few pieces of the nation in the last season. Additionally, agribu siness has kept up post position as far as its contribution to economy’s development, having contributed 33, 9 percent to the country’s Gross Domestic Product in year 2010.Labour commitment, as one of the significant large scale financial targets of any legislature to decrease joblessness, horticulture assumes a unimportant job in monetary improvement through the exchange of work from the agrarian area to different areas of the economy, especially to the mechanical segment. In Zimbabwe farming division specifies pay and business not a long way from 60% to 70% of the absolute populace, thusly agribusiness is to be sure an economy’s meat in Zimbabwe.Simon Kuznets likewise accentuated that the negligible profitability of work is zero or near zero, which implies that when the peripheral efficiency of work is zero, we can utilize the accessible work that is from horticultural segment without influencing different areas of the economy, which at that point advantage th e economy overall. Outside trade commitment, in spite of the measurement that Zimbabwe is right now utilizing the multicurrency framework, subsequently it despite everything requests remote cash so as to import capital from other countries.The exportation of agrarian stocks can asset the economy with outside trade for acquisition of capital products. In Zimbabwe a large portion of our fare income radiate from the agrarian area with a contribution of about 40% of our complete fare profit. The significant supporters of the farming segment in Zimbabwe’s send out are money yields, for example, tobacco and cotton, however cotton was not selling for this year’s collect. Industrialization commitment, an enormous and total fragment of monetary development during the procedure of advancement can be able to agriculture’s commitment to agribusiness.These endeavors of the rural segment arrangement the creation, showcasing and retailing of staple, apparel, refreshments and o ther related products for both local utilization and fares. As per Davis and Goldberg (1957), in this manner essential horticulture develops and advances, reflecting agribusinesses, while agribusinesses develop and advance reflecting essential farming. Additionally arrangement of crude materials to enterprises by the agrarian area directs the pace of imports of a nation, along these lines may therefore prompt equalization of installment excess of a country.In option this lessens the general creation expenses of a firm thus reasonable and moderate costs are charged, consequently expanding the interest for that specific item which will implement makers to build their degree of yield to fulfill the current need, henceforth financial development. Food commitment, since food is a principal wage great in a creating economy, expansion of the economy is in this manner dependent upon residential food makers delivering an overflow, in overabundance of their own means, which is sufficiently en ormous to take care of a developing number of non-food producers.The horticultural segment factors in with a urgent job in the gracefully of crude material to the food makers of the economy. Market commitment, the rural division, due to its sheer measure, should at first be the significant market for local modern items. Farmers’ uses on mechanical merchandise that are both purchaser products and maker products, speak to one part of agriculture’s advertise commitment to general monetary development.According to Milton and Luther (1964), as farmers’ acquisition of modern merchandise have their partner in between sectorial deals of rural merchandise; the horticultural sector’s showcase commitment likewise incorporates the offer of food or other homestead items to the non-agrarian segment, being quickened by the appropriation of new rural innovation. The job of creation linkages to the procedure of industrialization. Creation linkages channels the impact of a self-governing increment in definite interest of the item for the given business, not just on the yield of that industry and the business supplyingit with inputs, yet in addition on yield of other industry providing the second business with inputs. Creation linkages can be, in reverse or forward linkages. When all is said in done, creation linkages evaluate how a few businesses are associated together. Where destitution is a significantly rustic wonder, which gives off an impression of being the situation in most low-salary nations, industrialization factors through crude materials to agro-handling businesses for instance food preparing enterprises and textile.According to Alderman(1984),agro-preparing industry can be characterized, â€Å"as a subgroup of the assembling segment that forms crude materials and middle person items got from the horticultural sector†, for instance ranger service and agrarian yields. The establishing of certain essential handling enterprises can p rompt forward linkages, which is the proportion of middle yield deals to different businesses to a creation division of industry to the absolute estimation of deals to a last consumer.Backward linkages, measure the proportion of halfway info buys from different ventures in that industry to the all out estimation of the complete creation yield. For instance the metals and electrical part gives a strong in reverse linkage to rural, mining and development divisions, in this way expanding the general yield of a nation and accordingly this will build the country’s Gross Domestic Product, thusly financial growth.In end, agribusiness is undoubtedly imperative to monetary turn of events and furthermore creation linkages to industrialisation assume a paltry job. Anyway land change additionally assumes a critical job to monetary advancement through advancing value, business creation, advertise excess and efficiency. College OF ZIMBABWE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS INFORMATION LITERACY SKI LLS NAME FARAI MPOFU REG# R117753A COURSE ECON 211 YEAR 2012 QUESTION How might you assess web data sources giving models.

Twelfth Night Lit Analysis Essay Example for Free

Twelfth Night Lit Analysis Essay â€Å"The genuine indication of insight isn't information however imagination† †Albert Einstein. This can't be all the more obvious on account of William Shakespeare. With respect to his play Twelfth Night his imaginative virtuoso is found in his capacity to make sharp and astute characters through superbly created plots and subjects. His fitness to create characters that conflicts with the direct of society, for example, Viola and Maria marks him as probably the best dramatist of his age. In any case, his offices as an essayist are made known through his capacity to contort and control words and language to his own advantage. Shakespeare’s pun and clever language serves to engage his crowd in the most complete sense conceivable. He does this all through the whole play, however while examining his utilization of language the character of Feste must be thought of, particularly since he might be viewed as Shakespeare’s mouth piece. As it will be talked about Shakespeare’s acumen isn't appeared in his capacity to make deliberately made plots and his attractive composing style yet his development in making a universe of words and perplexing characters. Viola possibly thought about the fundamental character of the play, her character is shrewd and tricky. Shakespeare’s treatment of her is absolutely express brightness. Viola’s capacity to adjust to her environmental factors and produce sharp remarks in little space of time shows her as one of the most astute characters. She concocts this practically illogical plan to take on the appearance of man and the way that she gets the ocean skipper to concur with it gives her convincingness and intensity. That as well as her arrangement worked out for an entire three months-as expressed by Duke Orsino â€Å"Three months this adolescent hath tended upon me† ( act 5, scene 1)- without nobody being unaware. It is in her camouflage that we see her actual knowledge and clever air. Additionally her language and her conveyance of it shows her impudent nature. OLIVIA Stay: I prithee, mention to me what thou thinkest of me. VIOLA That you do think you are not what you are. OLIVIA In the event that I suspect as much, I might suspect the equivalent of you. VIOLA At that point think you right: I am not what I am This discussion demonstrates her capacity to make brisk answers and keeping in mind that she does this she indicates her trickery with the honesty of the last line, without Olivia letting on. In doing so it is uncovered exactly how sly she is. Her character really mirrors Shakespeare’s sharp psyche. Essentially the baldfaced character of Maria exhibits Shakespeare’s fitness to make shrewd characters. Like Viola who concocts a thought for her own advantage albeit to some degree essential, Maria devises this plan against Malvolio to let him think Olivia admits her adoration for him as a letter. She utilizes his own desire against him and describes him as a lunatic that at one point even he is enticed to accept, despite the fact that he keeps up he is very normal. Despite the fact that it was supposed to be jokingly, some may view it as a brutal go about as Malvolio was not meriting this sort of treatment. In any case she is a clever character that Shakespeare uses to feat ure the splendor and solid character of ladies. What's more Shakespeare creates an artful culmination out of his work Twelfth Night through his funny lively language. The character that Shakespeare utilizes most to do this is Feste and Shakespeare does this in light of the fact that the character or job of Feste permits him to escape remarks and counters that others probably won't have. An example of this is his discussion with Olivia wherein he calls her an imbecile for grieving her sibling for a long time and even more nitwit for grieving in the event that she accepts his spirit is in paradise. â€Å"The more imbecile, madonna, to grieve for your siblings soul being in paradise. Remove the nitwit, gentlemen† this line not just serves to give massive euphoria and chuckling for the crowd yet features the benefits given to an Elizabethan entertainer for expressing such things without reward. This entertaining language is likewise observed with Feste’s play with words; â€Å"No such issue, sir. I do live by the congregation for I do live at my home, and my home doth remain by the church† Feste plays with words and relates them w ith so much enthusiasm that the crowd can't resist the opportunity to be delighted. It is likewise observed with the lines â€Å"why sir her name is a word, and to tarry with that word may make my sister wanton. Yet, for sure, words are very scalawags, since bonds disrespected them† It is a direct result of this that he calls himself â€Å"corrupter of words† and in this we see the flimsiness of language. It isn't just Feste that gets the crowd to snicker in view of comical language. Sir Andrew additionally does this, despite the fact that his deception of words is inadvertent. His inadequacy with language and abuse of words give lighthearted element to the crowd. â€Å"What is pourquoi? Do or don't do? I would I had gave that time in the tongues that I have in fencing, moving and bear-bedeviling: O, had I however followed the arts!† the unreasonableness, all things considered, capacities to elevate the emotional intrigue of the play and increment audience’s delight. The funny and fun loving language of the play lets our creative mind meander indiscriminately and that by itself shows Shakespeare’s surprising imagination. Taking everything into account it very well may be said that William Shakespeare is really a genius with his wild creative mind in making clever and cunning characters and his shrewd utilization of language torments the crowd with giggling and delight. Fabian’s line â€Å" If this were played upon a phase now, I could censure it as a far-fetched fiction† shows that Shakespeare knows about the plays’ far-fetched incongruities however by and by his expertise makes it really a show-stoppe r. WOLMERS HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Literary works in English Unit 1: Module: 1 Christina Thompson L6H1 November 19, 2012 Question ‘Shakespeare’s imaginative virtuoso is shown by his clever portrayal and silly language’ Discuss the degree to which this is a reasonable evaluation of the satire Twelfth Night. REFERENCES http://shakespeare.mit.edu/twelfth_night/full.html http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/twelfthnight/canalysis.html http://www.brainyquote.com/cites/creators/an/albert_einstein.html http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/characters/violabio.html

Why Is My Phone About to Die

Why Is My Phone About to Die I am seated in a rocking chair at Dayton International Airport, flight delayed, thumbing through tweets, photos, and various bits of miscellanea on the device in my palm while I wait to find out  whether my next flight will be canceled. Everyone around me seems to be doing the same thing. We are a sea of people lost in the mesmerizing  glow of our screensâ€"alone together. Suddenly, an ominous red bar interrupts my handheld activities, accompanied by a warning: low battery. My first reaction: frustration, irritation, annoyance. Why the hell is my phone about to die? I cant believe this stupid freaking thing! Of course, I have been pacifying myself for the last hour (or two), frantically fiddling with the touchscreen, hopping from icon to icon, searching for the next ephemeral rush of dopamine. My behavior: reactionary and impulsive and the opposite of mindful. These activities, when done in excess, are as meaningless as channel surfing, resulting in an  endless amount of low-level anxietyâ€"a sort of postmodern itch, not unlike that of a heroin addict as he stumbles through  withdrawal. But its not my phones fault, its mine: rarely does the blame belong to  the material thing itself. The stuff is not the problemâ€"we are. Realizing this, I set down the phone and breathe  in the world around me, but only after sending one final tweet: If your phone is constantly about to die, then maybe its not the phone that has a problem. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

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Italian Verb Conjugations Sciare

Brand Architecture Free Essays

BMW is one of the most recognized premium car manufacturers in the world. Brand associated with quality, class, exceptional design, outstanding performance and innovation. BMW has a well-structured brand hierarchy where at the corporate brand level BMW pioneered the luxury sports car category by combining distinct style and performance consideration. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now BMW has a smart positioning with corporate brands and offers a large fleet of models that vary in price, quality and performance. Below is a brief brand- product matrix: Product ModelsEntry level small vehiclesEntry level small sedanLuxury medium SedanSport Coupe convertiblesTop of the line Luxury4WD SUV Recreation Outdoor 1 Mini Series 3 Series 5 Series Z4 6 Series 7 Series X Series Points of parity are that they are luxury vehicles and points of difference are BMW’s performance features. Clear brand positioning and well-differentiated sub- brands shows in 1, 3, 5, 7 series. These brands cover different segments of the market in relation to price, size and quality. New models introduced later to expand the brand portfolio like X3, X5, Z4, M3, and 6 series. The 1 3 series models brought new customers into the company’s brand franchise, with the expectation that later these customers will be switching to higher priced models like 5 and 7 series (design to attracts rich and wealthy business people). BMW’s branding approach helps the company to expand coverage throughout different segments and markets, provide brand protection and minimize overlapping. Each of the sub brand names has a well-defined role and positioning, which does not overlay with the other sub brands. Individually each car model offers unique benefits to its client segment. BMW’s brand hierarchy is characterized well in the firm’s strategy by displaying the mutual characteristics of all BMW cars throughout its portfolio, which are linked with luxury, performance, joy of driving and quality. At the same time there are very clear distinctive features and uncommon characteristics of each of these sub rands revealing their uniqueness and differentiation. For example, the 3series mid size luxury sedan targets drivers that are aged between 25-34 years of age with â€Å"older body but younger in spirit†. These people see driving as an escape from their normal routine, and they are looking for a sedan that has some performance qualities. On the other hand the 7 series models targets the high-end sophisticated business consumers who desire to demonstra te success. I would like to give an example of brand hierarchy for BMW (from top to bottom): corporate (or company brand) is the brand BMW, umbrella brand would be Mini series, the individual brand would be Mini Cooper, and lastly the modifier will be the Clubman model. Clarity and brand awareness is strongly implemented in BMW’s brand. This helps to improve consumer’s understanding about the product range and also communicate clearly the similarities and differences between the different models. BMW have a high level of awareness on recognition and recall. This maximizes the transfer of equity from the brand to the individual models, which improves trials, and leads to repeat purchases. The image is favorable, strong and relevant. The most common association with BMW brand is performance, style and luxury. BMW’s principle in designing their brand portfolio is to maximize market coverage so that no potential customers are being ignored, but on the other hand minimize brand overlap, so that different models from the portfolio are not competing among themselves to gain the same customer’s support. Each sub-brand has its own distinctive target market and positioning. As a result of BMW’s exceptional brand architecture in the last Global 500 brands for 2012 survey, BMW scores very high. From all car manufacturers worldwide they ranked as the second best car manufacturer brand after Toyota (Brandirectory, 2012). References: Bibliography Brandirectory. (2012). Global-500-2012. Retrieved from brandirectory. com: http://brandirectory. com/league_tables/table/global-500-2012/ How to cite Brand Architecture, Papers

Helen Keller Essay Research Paper Imagine a free essay sample

Helen Keller Essay, Research Paper Imagine a life without being able to see or hear and non cognizing how to pass on with anyone around you. That universe of darkness is what Helen Keller lived in for six old ages. Helen Keller has been an inspiration to people of all time since she turned six. From 1886-1960, she proved herself to be a originative and animating adult female of America. She was a author and lector who fought for the rights of deprived people all over the universe. Most significantly, she overcame her two most hard obstructions, being blind and deaf. Helen Keller devoted her life to bettering the instruction and intervention of the blind, deaf, and deaf-and-dumb person and contending for minorities every bit good. Miss Keller was one of the first to educate the populace and do them cognizant of inflicted persons # 8217 ; possible. Because of her continuity and strength, she is considered a originative and alone spirit by many people of the universe, particularly those who can associate to her physical damages. Helen Keller was born a healthy kid. When Helen was 19 months old, she became sick with what was known as acute congestion of the encephalon and tummy ; this is now known as vermilion febrility. As a consequence, she was left blind, deaf, and deaf-and-dumb person. For many of her earlier old ages Helen lived in darkness with really few ways to pass on with others around her. Obviously her efforts were non ever successful. When she failed to pass on she would throw tantrums and have outburst that would upset non merely her, but her household every bit good. Because of these violent tantrums, she appeared to be a really boisterous kid, but underneath all of the calamity was a future inspirational figure that would surprise the universe with astonishing and infinite abilities. A big sum of Helen # 8217 ; s achievements would non hold been possible if it weren # 8217 ; T for her female parent and male parent. Her parents read about Samuel Gridley Howe # 8217 ; s achievements with the deaf and blind at the Perkins Institution in Boston. With this cognition, her male parent brought his girl to Alexander Graham Bell, a household friend who was good known in society. Bell was so fascinated by six twelvemonth old Helen that he recommended that she contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston. Anne Sullivan, who was besides a recent Perkins alumnus, was suggested to be Helen # 8217 ; s instructor by Michael Anagnos. Michael Anagnos was the professor of Samuel Gridley Howe, a gentleman who was holding great success working with the deaf and blind at Perkins ( Noteworthy 389 ) . Helen # 8217 ; s greatest inspiration and life long comrade, Anne Sullivan, arrived at her place in Alabama in March of 1887. In merely a twosome of hebdomads, Helen learned that everything had a name and that she could pass on with others by utilizing the manual alphabet. Helen besides found that she could utilize the manual alphabet and lip reading to turn out her intelligence. The manual alphabet is a system that contains 26 manus symbols, one for each missive of the alphabet. It is used to thumb spell words. After a couple months of pattern, she learned 100s of new words. In the center of July, merely four months after Sullivan # 8217 ; s reaching, Helen was able to compose her really first missive to her female parent. Peoples around the universe were so astonied by her achievements that her first life was written when she was merely 14 old ages old ( Ashby A ; Orhn 190 ) . After the earlier successes, Helen and her instructor both left for the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston in 1888 to supply Helen with a more formal instruction. Helen and Miss Sullivan moved to New York in 1894 in order for Helen to analyze at the Wright Humason School for the deaf. Anne raised money so that her pupil could go to the Cambridge School for Young Ladies. In 1896, Helen began her surveies at Cambridge which included French, Greek, literature, mathematics, geographics, and history. She so went on to go to Radcliffe College in 1980. In 1904, she graduated cum laude and received her AB Degree ( Noteworthy 390 ) . Not merely did Helen assist the organisations for the blind, but she helped persons every bit good. Helen reached out to assist a immature four twelvemonth old male child who, like her, was deaf, blind and deaf-and-dumb person. His name was Tommy Stringer. Helen convinced Michael Anagnos to acknowledge him into Perkins. She besides raised a fund for the immature male child. Over clip, Helen has accumulated a enormous sum of awards. These awards include: Brazil # 8217 ; s Order of the Southern Cross, Japan # 8217 ; s Sacred Treasure, the Philippine # 8217 ; s Golden Heart, Lebanon # 8217 ; s Gold Medal of Merit, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The National Institute of Arts and letters elected her rank as good. In 1952, during the Louis Braille Centennial Commemoration, Helen was made a Chevalier of the Gallic Legion of Honor ( # 8221 ; Hero # 8221 ; 2 ) She had eventually received all the acknowledgment and award that she deserved. Aside from being one of the earliest blind, deaf, and muffle individual to go active in society, Helen was besides an writer. Her first autobiography, The Story of My Life, was published in 1902 with the aid of Ann Sullivan and John Macy. The Narrative of My Life be came a global best-seller and was translated into 50 linguistic communications. Before she had even graduated college in 1903, Helen wrote a 7,500-word essay called Optimism. Optimism reflected the goodness that Helen saw in life. After she graduated in 1904, she became even more involved in society. In 1906 Massachusetts instituted it # 8217 ; s State Commission for the Blind. Gov. Curtis Guild, Jr. appointed Helen to the committee ( Noteworthy 390 ) . The World I Live In was published in 1909. It was a aggregation of essays about Helen # 8217 ; s perceptual experiences of the universe around her. Besides that twelvemonth, she became a member of the Socialist party. She was an aggressive suffragist and preferred strong and self-asserting tactics. During this clip she besides promoted a fabric work stoppage that took topographic point in Lawrence, Mass. The work stoppage was led my the Industrial Workers of the World. Bing a socialist made Helen # 8217 ; s life more thrill and gave her life more of a intent. Her beliefs were reflected through her work of this period. In 1910 A Song of the Stone Wall was published. This loyal verse form was 600 lines long. This was the last of her great verse form. It is sai d that, # 8220 ; After Anne Sullivan and John Macy # 8217 ; s matrimony ended Keller neer once more wrote with such lyric power, # 8221 ; ( Noteworthy 390 ) . Besides, a aggregation of socialist essays entitled, Out of the Dark, was published in 1913. Helen became active in political relations one time once more when the President relinquished neutrality in World War I ( Noteworthy 391 ) . She was against war and supported the Industrial Workers of the World one time once more. Helen besides began to back up many other motions during this clip such as the abolishment of capital penalty and kid labour, the birth control motion, and besides the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Her engagement with this peculiar group seemed to be the most controversial and it infuriated her household and friends back in her place province of Alabama. The American Foundation for the Blind was founded in 1924 and asked Helen to assist raise financess for the foundation. Helen agreed to run for the American Foundation for the Blind. She raised two million dollars and distribute public consciousness ( Briggs 307 ) . In 1929, the 2nd volume of her autobiography, Midstream: My Later Life, was published. Helen continued to alter the universe during the 1930s. She began to press the populace in Washington for statute law for the blind. She was highly successful and got the Pratt measure passed. The Pratt measure provided federal funded reading services for the blind. She besides became the vice-president of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom in 1932. In 1935 she helped implement Title X in the 1935 Social Security Act. This recognized the blind as a group to have federal grant aid. After the bombardment of Pearl Harbor in World War II, Helen supported President Roosevelt # 8217 ; s determination to fall in with the democracies. She showed her support by touring military infirmaries. After 1960, Helen retired from her public speech production and travelling. Her wellness was get downing to worsen. She had a shot in October of 1961 which caused her to take herself from the outside universe. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 but sent her household to accept the award in Washington. In 1968, Helen Keller died of arteriosclerotic bosom disease in her place in Westport, Connecticut. Helen became known world-wide as # 8220 ; one of the most singular kids in being # 8221 ; by the terminal of 1887 ( Noteworthy 389 ) . Her life-long end was to assist the deprived, peculiarly the blind and the deaf. She had a immense impact on Perkins. Her difficult work and devotedness helped her to get the better of her disabilities and besides inspired others to get the better of theirs. Helen pushed for the rights of the blind. She was a helper to adult females # 8217 ; s right to vote and the international peace motion before World War I. Many bureaus and establishments have been named after Helen Keller as good. Helen Keller International was set-up to contend sightlessness in the universe. Currently, Helen Keller International is one of the biggest organisations that works with the blind overseas ( # 8221 ; The Life # 8221 ; 3 ) . In 1986, the Industrial Home for the Blind was renamed to Helen Keller Services for the Blind. This bureau provides particular services for the blind in New York. Because of her efforts and battles, the blind now have better attention, preparation, and employment. # 8220 ; I am a donee of her work. Because of her illustration, the universe has given manner a small, # 8221 ; says David Jackson, a unsighted wind vocalist ( Shuur 2 ) . Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah Gore Orhn. Herstory. New York: The Penguin Group, 1995. Briggs, ASA. A Dictionary of twentieth Century World Biographies. New York: Oxford, 1992. Shuur, Diane. # 8220 ; The Miracle: Helen Keller. # 8221 ; Time. 1999 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.time.com ( 2 Feb. 2000 ) # 8220 ; The Life of Helen Keller. # 8221 ; RNIB. 1999 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rnib.org.uk ( 28 Jan. 2000 ) # 8220 ; The Life of Helen Keller: An American Hero. # 8221 ; Helen Keller International. 1999 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hki.org ( 4 Feb. 2000 )

Best Character Analysis Jordan Baker - The Great Gatsby

Best Character Analysis Jordan Baker - The Great Gatsby SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You know that friend of yours who loves to gossip yet always downplays any drama they get into themselves? Jordan Baker in The Great Gatsby is like that friend. A close friend of Daisy Buchanan’s, Jordandates Nick Carraway during the novel and plays a crucial role in reuniting Daisy with the titular Jay Gatsby. A couple of years younger than Daisy, Jordan is single and a professional golfer, which sets her apart from her married friend. In fact, Jordan is Daisy’s opposite in many ways, as we will explore in this guide! Read in for a complete guide to Jordan’s appearance, plot points, major quotes, and character analysis! Article Roadmap To help you easily find the information you're looking for, here's how this article is organized and the information it covers. Jordan Baker as a character Physical description Jordan'sbackground Actions in the novel Character Analysis Quotes about and byJordan Common discussion topics and essay ideas FAQ answering often-asked questionsaboutJordan Bonus: Want to improve your SAT/ACT section scores? Check out our top guides for every single section of the SAT and ACT. SAT 800 Score Guides: SAT Reading | SAT Writing | SAT Math | SAT Essay ACT 36 Score Guides: ACT English | ACT Math | ACT Reading | ACT Science | ACT Essay These are the very best guides available on boosting your SAT/ACT scores, section by section. They're written by Harvard grads and perfect SAT/ACT scorers. Don't disappoint yourself - read these guides and improve your score today. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. Physical Description of Jordan The younger of the two was a stranger to me. She was extended full length at her end of the divan, completely motionless and with her chin raised a little as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall. If she saw me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no hint of it- indeed, I was almost surprised into murmuring an apology for having disturbed her by coming in. (1.28) I enjoyed looking at her. She was a slender, small-breasted girl, with an erect carriage which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet. Her grey sun-strained eyes looked back at me with polite reciprocal curiosity out of a wan, charming discontented face. It occurred to me now that I had seen her, or a picture of her, somewhere before. (1.57) Tom and Miss Baker sat at either end of the long couch and she read aloud to him from the "Saturday Evening Post"- the words, murmurous and uninflected, running together in a soothing tune. The lamp-light, bright on his boots and dull on the autumn-leaf yellow of her hair, glinted along the paper as she turned a page with a flutter of slender muscles in her arms. (1.121) The first thing Nick notices about Jordan is her placement and posture. Only after that does he notice her appearance, which he finds attractive. Nick tells us a lot about Jordan’s appearance, in fact more than he does about Daisy’s – with Daisy he often focuses on immaterial qualities like her voice. But we clearly see Jordan’s gray eyes, her wan, charming face, the autumn-leaf yellow of her hair, her small breasts, the slender muscles in her arms. Clearly Nick spends a lot of time looking at Jordan! It’s also worth noting Jordan and Daisy have contrasting appearances. Jordan is blond andvery athletic, physical, tan, and angular, while Daisy is dark-haired and pale with a musical voice and more delicate figure. Interestingly enough most film adaptations feature a dark-haired Jordan and a blonde Daisy! Jordan's Background Jordan Baker, who is two years younger than Daisy, grew up with the other womanin Louisville. Daisy refers to this as their shared â€Å"white girlhoods† (1.100). Jordan witnesses both Daisy’s initial relationship with Gatsby and how she almost didn’t marry Tom after getting a letter from Gatsby but pulled herself together in time for the wedding. Jordan doesn’t have any major surviving relatives other than an old aunt who controls her money, so it’s implied she’s the heiress to a significant amount of money but, during the novel at least, she doesn’t have full access to it. Instead of marrying, Jordan plays golf professionally and dates around, to the point Tom comments that her family â€Å"shouldn’t let her run around the country in this way† (1.134). To see how Jordan's biography lines up with the lives of theother characters, check out our timeline. A Summary of Jordan's Actions in the Novel In Chapter 1, Jordan meets Nick through Tom and Daisy, who she is staying with. She tells Nick that Tom has â€Å"some woman in New York† and shushes him so she can listen to Tom and Daisy’s argument, revealing herself as a gossip (1.100). In Chapter 3, she runs into Nick again at Gatsby’s party. She is also called to speak with Gatsby, and he tells her about his past with Daisy and how he hopes to meet her again through Nick, Daisy’s cousin. In Chapter 4, Jordan tells Nick about Daisy and Gatsby’s history and gets him to help arrange their meeting, igniting Daisy and Gatsby’s affair. In Chapter 7, Jordan is invited to the lunch party along with Nick, Tom, Gatsby, and Daisy, when Gatsby hopes to have Daisy to confront Tom. The group ends up going to New York City. Jordan rides up with Tom and Nick in Gatsby’s yellow car. They stop at the Wilson’s garage, and Myrtle sees the trio and takes Jordan to be Tom’s wife. Later that night, Jordan drives back with Nick and Tom, but this time in Tom’s blue coupe. They come across the scene of Myrtle’s death: she has been run over by the yellow car. Despite witnessing this awful scene, she seems surprised Nick doesn’t want to come into the Buchanans’ afterward for tea. The next day, she calls Nick at work, telling him she’s moved out of the Buchanans’ house and wants to see him, but they end up arguing over the phone and breaking up. Finally, in Chapter 9, Nick seeks her out to more formally break things off, and she tells him she’s engaged. Nick doesn't appear to have liked it enough to put a ring on it. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into a single guide. These are the 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: Key Jordan Baker Quotes â€Å"And I like large parties. They're so intimate. At small parties there isn't any privacy." (3.29) This is an early example of Jordan’s unexpectedly clever observations – throughout the novel she reveals a quick wit and keen eye for detail in social situations. This comment also sets the stage for the novel’s chief affair between Daisy and Gatsby, and how at the small party in Chapter 7 their secrets come out to disastrous effect. Compare Jordan’s comment to Daisy's general attitude of being too sucked into her own life to notice what’s going on around her. "You're a rotten driver," I protested. "Either you ought to be more careful or you oughtn't to drive at all." "I am careful." "No, you're not." "Well, other people are," she said lightly. "What's that got to do with it?" "They'll keep out of my way," she insisted. "It takes two to make an accident." "Suppose you met somebody just as careless as yourself." "I hope I never will," she answered. "I hate careless people. That's why I like you." (3.162-169) Here we get a sense of what draws Jordan and Nick together – he’s attracted to her carefree, entitled attitude while she sees his cautiousness as a plus. After all, if it really does take two to make an accident, as long as she’s with a careful person, Jordan can do whatever she wants! We also see Jordan as someone who carefully calculates risks – both in driving and in relationships. This is why she brings up her car accident analogy again at the end of the book when she and Nick break up – Nick was, in fact, a â€Å"bad driver† as well, and she was surprised that she read him wrong. â€Å"It’s a great advantage not to drink among hard-drinking people.† (4.144) Another example of Jordan’s observant wit, this quote (about Daisy) is Jordan’s way of suggesting that perhaps Daisy’s reputation is not so squeaky-clean as everyone else believes. After all, if Daisy were the only sober one in a crowd of partiers, it would be easy for her to hide less-than-flattering aspects about herself. Suddenly I wasn't thinking of Daisy and Gatsby any more but of this clean, hard, limited person who dealt in universal skepticism and who leaned back jauntily just within the circle of my arm. (4.164) In this moment, Nick reveals what he finds attractive about Jordan – not just her appearance (though again, he describes her as pleasingly â€Å"jaunty† and â€Å"hard† here), but her attitude. She’s skeptical without being fully cynical, and remains upbeat and witty despite her slightly pessimistic outlook. At this point in the story, Midwestern Nick probably still finds this exciting and attractive, though of course by the end he realizes that her attitude makes it hard for her to truly empathize with others, like Myrtle. "Life starts all over again when it gets crisp in the fall." (7.75) In contrast to Daisy (who says just before this, rather despairingly, â€Å"What will we do today, and then tomorrow, and for the next thirty years?† (7.74)), Jordan is open to and excited about the possibilities still available to her in her life. As we’ll discuss later, perhaps since she’s still unmarried her life still has a freedom Daisy’s does not, as well as the possibility to start over. While she’s not exactly a starry-eyed optimist, Jordan does show resilience and an ability to start things over and move on. This allows her to escape the tragedy at the end relatively unscathed. It also fits how Jordan doesn’t seem to let herself get too attached to people or places, which is why she’s surprised by how much she felt for Nick. "You threw me over on the telephone. I don't give a damn about you now but it was a new experience for me and I felt a little dizzy for a while." (9.130) Jordan doesn’t frequently showcase her emotions or show much vulnerability, so this moment is striking because we see that she did really care for Nick to at least some extent. Notice that she couches her confession with a pretty sassy remark (â€Å"I don’t give a damn about you now†) which feels hollow when you realize that being â€Å"thrown over† by Nick made her feel dizzy – sad, surprised, shaken – for a while. Common Essay Topics/Areas of Discussion About Jordan Jordan, like Tom, is usually roped into essay topics to be compared with Daisy (the way Tom is often contrasted with Gatsby or sometimes George), or to make a larger argument about the role of women more generally. Since Jordan isn’t as major of a character as Daisy, Gatsby, or even Tom, it’s rare to get a standalone essay just about Jordan. To read some excellentdetailed analysis of how to compare Jordan to Myrtle or Daisy, check out our article on comparing and contrasting the novel's characters. Make sure to move beyond the obvious when writing about Jordan – yes, she has a job while Daisy and Myrtle are both married, but what else makes her stand out? Pay special attention to how Jordan is described versus Daisy, Jordan’s dialogue, and Jordan’s focus – it’s clear that Jordan is often focused outward, observing other characters and their interactions, while Daisy tends to be turned inward, with her own emotions. Discuss how Jordan and Daisy illustrate changing women’s roles in the 1920s. Despite the progress in women’s rights made in the early twentieth century, including the right to vote (won in 1919), most women, especially wealthy women, were expected to marry, have children, and stay at home. Daisy sticks to this prescribed societal role by marrying and having a child. But Jordan plays golf professionally, â€Å"runs around the country† and doesn’t seem to be in a hurry to marry (1.134). In short, on the surface, it appears that Daisy is a traditionalist while Jordan is expanding the possibilities of a woman’s life. However, Daisy and Jordan aren’t exactly a straightforward housewife and career woman duo. First of all, Daisy is quite removed from her role as a mother, since her daughter Pammy is mostly raised by a maid. She also seriously contemplates leaving Tom during the novel. Meanwhile, Jordan tells Nick at the end of the novel she’s engaged. Whether or not this is true, it suggests that Jordan will certainly get married one day, and that her current golf career is just a temporary diversion, not a permanent independent lifestyle. Indeed, both Daisy and Jordan are also both at the mercy of their families: Daisy derives all of her wealth and power from Tom, while Jordan is beholden to her old aunt for money. They don’t actually have much control over their own wealth and would lose everything if they went too far out of line. So while Daisy and Jordan both typify a very showy lifestyle that looks liberated – being â€Å"flappers,† having sex, drinking in public (which before the 1920s was seen as a highly indecent thing for a woman to do), playing golf professionally in Jordan’s case – they in fact are still thoroughly constrained by the limited options women had in the 1920s in terms of making their own lives. Jordan briefly narrates in Chapter 4. How is Jordan’s narration different fromNick’s? Why rely on her narration at all? What would the novel be like from her point of view? Jordan’s narration is definitely distinct from Nick’s. Her diction is a bit sharper and she has more blatantly judgmental asides, calling Daisy â€Å"drunk as a monkey† (4.136). She also uses more vivid imagery: the red, white, and blue banners on the houses flapping â€Å"tut-tut-tut-tut† in a â€Å"disapproving way† (4.129), Gatsby’s letter to Daisy coming apart â€Å"like snow† in the bath (4.141), etc. Her choice of words is a pretty good insight into her character and how sharply observant she is! So why is there a section narrated by Jordan at all? Perhaps Nick leans on Jordan because he feels unqualified to talk about Daisy’s past. After all, aside from their conversation in Chapter 1, Nick doesn’t have close conversations with Daisy. But since Nick gets to know Gatsby through several close conversations, he feels comfortable telling about Gatsby’s past. You also get the sense he’s washing hishands of whatever Jordan reveals about Daisy. He doesn’t fully trust in the details or really care about Daisy’s story,using it only asa means ofunderstanding Gatsby. It’s also notable that Nick uses Michealis’s point of view to talk about the aftermath of Myrtle’s death, which in a similar manner suggests he feels less connected to the Wilsons than he does to Gatsby. The novel from Jordan’s point of view would likely be much less sentimental when it comes to Gatsby. Nick obviously idealizes him by the end while Jordan doesn’t seem to see him as anything more than a source of fun and intrigue. We would also likely get a much better sense of Daisy’s motivations and thought process throughout the novel, something we barely get access to with Nick’s narration. Daisy's motto: if you don't have anything nice to say, come and sit by me. Extra Advice: Want to get into the best college you can? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard, the Ivy League, and your top choice college. In this guide, you'll learn: What colleges are looking for in your application How to impress your top choice colleges Why you're probably wasting your time on activities that don't matter Even if you're not actually interested in Ivy League schools, you'll still learn something fundamental about how to apply to college. Read our top college admissions guide today. Jordan Baker FAQ These are questions that many students have about Jordan after reading Gatsby for the first time. These are points that don’t come up as often in essay topics or study guides, so give them a look if you’re still wondering about Jordan’s feelings and motivations! #1: Does Jordan Actually Like Nick? Daisy professes her feelings to not one but two men in Chapter 7, and Myrtle makes her attraction to Tom Buchanan clear. Jordan, in contrast, is not one to make her feelings so plainly known, so it’s not surprising that many students wonder if she even likes Nick at all. Like Gatsby, Jordan seems drawn to Nick because he presents himself as a stable, honest, and grounded personality in the midst of many larger-than-life, overbearing types.She even says that she’s drawn to him because he’s cautious. There's also a part in the book where Nick says that Jordan tends to prefer being with people she can dominate or pull one over on, and Nick does seem to rely on her for emotional strength at some points (for example in the car when he's thinking about turning 30). Nick and Jordan break up right at the moment when she can't control his actions - can't make him go into the house, can't make him apologize for ignoring her.) By the end of the book, Jordan does admit that she was rather thrown by the break-up, suggesting she came to have somewhat deeper feelings for him. In fact, their break-up scene is worth looking at in full to really answer this question: "Nevertheless you did throw me over," said Jordan suddenly. "You threw me over on the telephone. I don't give a damn about you now but it was a new experience for me and I felt a little dizzy for a while." We shook hands. "Oh, and do you remember- " she added, "- - a conversation we had once about driving a car?" "Why- not exactly." "You said a bad driver was only safe until she met another bad driver? Well, I met another bad driver, didn't I? I mean it was careless of me to make such a wrong guess. I thought you were rather an honest, straightforward person. I thought it was your secret pride." "I'm thirty," I said. "I'm five years too old to lie to myself and call it honor." She didn't answer. Angry, and half in love with her, and tremendously sorry, I turned away. (9.130-136) â€Å"Feeling dizzy for a while† is the closest we’ve seen the proudly unflappable Jordan come to admitting an actual, personal, emotional response to a situation. She also criticizes Nick for mischaracterizing himself as honest and straightforward when he dispatched her pretty coldly over the phone. In short, we can tell she has definitely been thinking their short relationship over and was shocked and hurt by how abruptly things ended. #2: Why Does Jordan Help Gatsby Reunite With Daisy? In Chapter 3, Jordan attends one of Gatsby’s parties and is called upstairs to speak with him. We can infer that Gatsby has heard she is staying with Daisy Buchanan, and calls her up so he can find out more about Daisy. In that conversation, Gatsby confesses to Jordan that he’s in love with Daisy and wants to try and see her again. Gatsby’s motivations are clear. But why does Jordan help? Well, for one thing, Jordan’s nosy, and likes to be in the middle of things. She tells Nick about Tom’s affair in Chapter 1 and also tells him all about Daisy’s past in Chapter 4, and seems to love being a source of information and gossip. Arranging a Daisy/Gatsby reunion certainly puts her close to some drama! However, you could also argue that, as someone with knowledge of Gatsby and Daisy’s original relationship, Jordan knows how devastated Daisy was when she got a letter from Gatsby, feels compelled to help the pair reunite. Finally, Jordan might also see it as an opportunity to expose Daisy as much less virtuous as she comes off. Jordan is consistently the only character who recognizes Daisy as less-than-perfect, as evidenced in her remarks about Daisy in Chapter 4 (â€Å"Daisy was popular in Chicago, as you know. They moved with a fast crowd, all of them young and rich and wild, but she came out with an absolutely spotlessreputation. Perhaps because she doesn't drink. It's a great advantage not to drink among hard-drinking people. You can hold your tongue and, moreover, you can time any little irregularity of your own so that everybody else is so blind that they don't see or care.† (4.144)). Nudging Daisy into an affair with Gatsby could be Jordan’s way of working to expose Daisy to the scrutiny that everyone else in their circles seems to face for similar behavior. #3: What’s Jordan’s Purpose in the Story? Is She a Necessary Character? Jordan, similar to Nick, is adjacent to much of the main action and not directly involved, so many students wonder what exactly she’s doing in the book. Especially since Nick does have a crucial role as narrator, Jordan can seem a bit superfluous at times. So why include her? Well, for one thing, she does have an important role to play in the story. Purely from a plot perspective, she helps connect Nick to Gatsby in Chapter 3, and she also helps connect Gatsby and Daisy. She helps sets the wheels of the affair in motion, and, of course, the affair drives the main action of the novel. Without Jordan, Gatsby would have relied entirely on Nick to reach Daisy, which would have taken some of the suspense out of Gatsby’s motivations (even though Jordan learns Gatsby’s secret in Chapter 3, we don’t learn it until Chapter 4). But Jordan is also important in how she allows us to understand other characters. She helps us understand Daisy by being such a contrast to her, and of course offers some crucial insights about Daisy herself during her brief stint as the narrator in Chapter 4. Furthermore, Jordan also gives us some insights about Nick since we can see his reactions to her and their relationship. In fact, Jordan’s relationship with Nick is one of our main inroads into understanding Nick’s personal life and feelings. So while Jordan is not directly involved in the main drama, she is a crucial lynchpin both for the plot and our understanding of the other major characters. #4: Why Doesn’t Jordan Go to Gatsby’s Funeral? Nick attends Gatsby’s funeral along with Gatsby’s father and Owl Eyes. Tom and Daisy have skipped town due to Daisy’s role in Myrtle’s death, Meyer Wolfshiem also wants to keep his distance since he is painted as cautious and disloyal, and Myrtle and George are dead. So out of the book’s major characters, Jordan is the only one unaccounted for at Gatsby’s funeral. Some readers wonder why she doesn’t show up, given her relationship with Nick and the fact that she at least knew Gatsby, and even helped him reunite with Daisy. First of all, Nick doesn’t try to invite Jordan to the funeral (that we know of), especially since it seems their conversation late in Chapter 9 is the first they have spoken since Nick â€Å"threw her over† on the telephone the morning after Myrtle’s death. Perhaps Jordan hears about Gatsby’s death but avoids his funeral because she assumes Nick will be there. If Nick invited her would she have considered attending? Likely not. Jordan, like the other characters, is very conscious about appearances and, furthermore, she is a character who likes being involved in gossip and intrigue but manages to mostly remain out of serious trouble or scandal herself. So even were she invited, going to Gatsby’s funeral might be seen as more risky than it’s worth, especially since she wasn’t that close to Gatsby. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What’s Next? Nick and Jordan’s relationship is unique in the novel – they’re not having an affair, unlike Tom/Myrtle and Daisy/Gatsby, and they’re not married, unlike Myrtle/George and Daisy/Tom. So what does Nick and Jordan's relationship add to the story? Why include it at all? Read more about love, desire, and relationships in Gatsbyto find out. Jordan is a key figure in the first half of the novel as Gatsby moves to reunite with Daisy. Read summaries of Chapter 3and Chapter 4to get some in-depth takes of her most important scenes. We mention here that Jordan is relatively independent in that she has her own career as a golfer. This connects her to one of the novel's more interesting motifs: sports. How does her golf career compare to Tom's football days? Read our article on motifs in The Great Gatsby for some insights. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know

25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know So you’ve decided to learn Italian? Hooray! Deciding to learn a foreign language is a big deal, and as exciting as it can be to make that choice, it can also be overwhelming to know where to start or what to do. What’s more, as you dive even more deeply into learning, the number of things you need to learn and all the things that confuse you can start to demotivate you. We don’t want that to happen to you, so heres a list of 25 things that every new Italian language learner should know. When you go into this experience with clear, realistic expectations and a better idea of how to handle uncomfortable moments, it can often make the difference between those who say they’ve always wanted to learn Italian and those who become conversational. 25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know There is not even one â€Å"Learn Italian Quick† program that will be your be-all-end-all. There is no lightning in a bottle for Italian. There are hundreds of great, high-quality resources, many of which I can recommend, but know, above all, that YOU are the person learning the language. As polyglot Luca Lampariello often says, â€Å"Languages cannot be taught, they can only be learned.†In the beginning stages of learning, you will learn a ton, and then as you near that blessed intermediate level, you’ll have a period where you feel like you’re not making any progress. This is normal. Don’t get down on yourself about it. You actually are making progress, but at that stage, more effort is required, particularly when it comes to spoken Italian. Speaking of†¦Learning how to sound fluid and natural in Italian requires a lot of speaking practice and not just listening, reading, and writing practice. As you’re able to form longer sentences an d have a larger stockpile of vocabulary, you’ll want to find  a language partner. For some people, speaking can start from day one, but it depends on your experience, and a language partner can help you stay in this for the long-haul, which is critical because... Learning a language is a commitment that requires devotion (read: studying on a daily basis.) Start with a so-easy-you-can’t-say-no routine at first, like five minutes a day, and then build from there as studying becomes more of a habit. Now that you’re a language learner, you’ve got to find a way to weave it into your daily life.It’s meant to be fun, and it’s also absurdly gratifying- especially when you have your first conversation where you can connect with someone. Make sure to engage in activities that you find joy in. Find fun YouTube channels, work with tutors who make you laugh, find Italian music to add to your playlists. But know that...You will try to like Italian music, but you will probably be disappointed.  You will be able to understand more than you’ll be able to say. This is to be expected since at first, you’ll be taking in more information (listening and  reading) than you’re putting out (writing and speak ing).BUT, EVEN THEN...you may study for a long time and then feel brave enough to watch some Italian TV and not understand more than 15 percent  of what they’re saying. That’s normal, too. Your ear isn’t used to the rate of speech yet and lots of things are in dialect or contain slang, so be gentle with yourself. There is a thing in Italian where you have to make your nouns, adjectives and verbs agree in number and gender. This will happen with pronouns and prepositions, too. No matter how well you know the rules, you will mess up. It’s not a big deal. The goal is to be understood, not perfect.And in that same vein, you will definitely make mistakes. They are normal. You will say embarrassing things like â€Å"ano - anus† instead of â€Å"anno - year.† Laugh it off, and think of it as one entertaining way to acquire new vocabulary.You will get confused between the imperfect and the past tense. Just consider that challenge as a recipe you keep on tweaking. It will always be edible, but it could still be better.You will overuse the gerund tense when you mean to use the present tense. This and a host of other problems will arise from your  depending on English to inform your Italian.  You will totally forget to use the past tense during conversations. Our brains like to go to what’s easiest, so when we’re nervous while trying to have a conversation with a native speaker, it defaults to what’s easiest, which is often the present. And while you’re having those early conversations, you will feel like you lack a personality in Italian. As you learn more, your personality will re-emerge, I promise. In the meantime, it could be helpful to make a list of phrases that you often say in English and ask your tutor for the Italian equivalents.You will say â€Å"yes† to things you meant to say â€Å"no† to and â€Å"no† to things you meant to say â€Å"yes† to. You will order the wrong thing when youre dining out. You will ask for the wrong size when youre shopping. You will get a lot of weird stares from people trying to understand you, and you will need to repeat yourself. It’s all okay, and nothing is personal. People really want to know what you’re saying.When you visit Italy, anxious to put your Italian into action on its home turf, you will be English-ed, and it’s not meant as an insult.You will constantly wonder whether you should be using the â€Å" tu† or the â€Å"lei† form with all people everywhere that ever existed. At some point (or more realistically, several points), you will lose motivation and fall off the Italian studying wagon. You’ll also find new ways to get back on it. You will be impatient to reach â€Å"fluency.† (Hint: Fluency isn’t a real destination. So enjoy the ride.)You will consider using Google Translate for everything. Try not to. It can easily become a crutch. Use dictionaries like WordReference and Context-Reverse first.Once you learn how to use the word â€Å"boh,† you will start using it all the time in English.You will love the colorful proverbs and idioms that differ from English. ‘Who sleeps doesn’t catch fish’  instead of ‘the early bird catches the worm’? Adorable.Your mouth will feel weird pronouncing unfamiliar words. You will feel insecure about you’re speaking. You will think you should be further along. Remember that feeling uncomfortable means you’re doing something right. Then, ignore those negative thoughts and keep studying.You will forget that communication is about more than a perfectly constructed sentence and will try to learn the language through just studying the grammar. Resist the temptation for everything to be structured.But most importantly, know that you will, after practice and devotion, be able to speak Italian- not quite like a native, but comfortable enough to do the things that matter, like make friends, eat authentic Italian food, and experience a new country from the eyes of someone who is no longer a typical tourist. Buono studio!

Google Apps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Google Apps - Essay Example The number of domains the Google owns may range to dozens providing services like stock quotes, news headlines, images, email service and many more. The request for information is generally in forma of query and in just fraction of a second the query gets processed and is displayed on the users' screen (Google Inc). The Google which we see today has begun its project as a research project. It was hypothesized by Larry Page and was later assisted by Sergey Brin. The techniques over which search engines were based in 1996 used to display results according to the number of times the search term appear on the page. Larry and Brin worked on the concept that that for better results if the search engine analyze the relationships between the websites. The website and the page with the most links from other relevant sites, is considered as the most relevant site related to the query entered. With this thesis Google came into existence using Stanford website with the domain name being google.stanford.edu. Later in 1997, the domain google.com came into existence and in 1998 the company Google Inc became a reality (Wikipedia). The main business of Google is to generate revenue through online advertising. It provides the advertisers the most deliverable and cost effective online advertising opportunity through pages which are most relevant to the product which are being advertised. These advertisements are displayed according to the query searched for and hence are beneficial for both user and the advertiser. The Google AdWords program helps advertisers to promote their products and the Google AdSense program helps many website managers to generate revenue with ad participation though Google (Google Inc). Among all the services Google provides its users, Google Apps is the one which can have a major impact on usage of Office software. In complete sense Google Apps can be said as a service being hosted by Google for business purposes. The communication and collaboration feature of Apps makes it good enough of businesses of any size. This Web based service of Google provides its users tools to ensure collaboration on documents and spreadsheets. The documents can be shared and modified. The libraries for the reference materials can be built. Google provides this service in three different forms. The standard edition is free and has fewer features. It can be used for both normal users as well businesses purposes. The educational version contains all the available features but is available for the colleges and institutions. The condition for being a part of this is that the institute should use for educational purposes, sharing and research. The premium edition of Google Apps is available at a cost of $50 per user account per annum. This edition provides all features that are present in Google Apps. Charging money for its product is something very unique in case of Google. From the beginning Google has generated revenue through advertising tools. Almost all of the soft wares right from searching tool in late 90s of the last century to till date have been made available by Google free of cost. Even Google Apps launched in August 2006 providing services like webmail, calendaring, VoIP, word processing, spreadsheets has been free of cost. Only the premium edition launched this year with target market ranging from small

The Marketing Mix for Pets.com Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Marketing Mix for Pets.com - Case Study Example Diversity of product was what differentiated the site from other competitors, both online and bricks-and-mortar, thus attracting more potential target segments. During the launch and growth period of Pets.com, product was one of the primary selling points along the marketing mix. Place was emphasized for convenience, providing new opportunities for consumers to get pet products without having to visit a bricks-and-mortar competitor. Place was important in the late 1990s as the Internet was just beginning to become part of consumer lifestyle and thus represented innovation in sales strategy. Furthermore, price was an important part of the marketing mix. This was reflected in the company’s guarantees for a flat rate shipping fee of $4.95 regardless of the volume and weight of the products being delivered. Sales and discounting incentives that provided further value also emphasized the company’s focus on pricing as a differentiation tool. Finally, Pets.com also utilized pr omotion effectively, gaining brand exposure through cross-promotional strategies with The Discovery Channel and Animal Planet. A very large expenditure to be included in the 2000 Super Bowl ad gave the company considerable promotional exposure and gained more consumer interest in the process. Analysis of Differentiation Strategy Diversity of product variety served to differentiate from other pet-related competition, illustrating that the business wanted to gain market attention and assist many different target segments. However, there were difficulties with this strategy as the company did not maintain the distribution and warehousing capacity needed to support this differentiation tactic. Further, holding costs of high volume inventories must be considered that include lighting, labor, and taxation that can significantly raise operating costs (Heizer and Render 174). Sales and discounting incentives also differentiated the business from competition. The advantage of this is that pr ice-sensitive consumers are more attracted to the business model over competition. When offering a flat rate guaranteed shipping price, this also had advantages related to price. Furthermore, using expert consultations from experts in the pet field, such as breeders and scientists, gave the business more credibility and expressed perceptions of competence to many target segments. Some of the differentiation strategies were implemented successfully, including having expert information available to pet owners that gave the business a better market position under quality. However, discounting and high volume merchandise selection offerings conflicted the process of avoiding losses associated with operational budget. If the business had re-examined its low flat rate shipping policy and redetermined its distribution network strategy, it is likely the cost of goods sold would not have been so high and attracted more investor confidence and interest in common stock purchasing. The Product- Market Growth Matrix Analysis Adding horse products to the business model was a diversification strategy, branching into untapped or new markets with a new line of relevant products (Boone and Kurtz 218). The result of this strategy along the product-market growth matrix proposed by Ansoff is having presence in a new market where the business had not previously been devoted. The company’s diversification strategy, however, was not efficient, especially since the business did not have the capacity to sustain such high volume inventories and inventory holding costs. Horse ownership is a niche market and most consumers procure their products from local organizations and, because of this, it is not likely that Pets.com would have gained much revenue growth in an effort to lure horse enthusiasts to buy

Radio Frequency Identification and Intelligent Parking

Radio Frequency Identification and Intelligent Parking Executive summary This report is an introduction of two sensor related technology used in modern life. Radio frequency identification (RFID) lock system and Intelligent parking assist system (IPAS) are two topics maintained in the report. In each of the topic there will be at least three parts: history and development, principle of the technology and limitations. The aim of the report is to give reader a brief knowledge of these technology. Radio frequency identification technology is mostly used on door lockers. These kind of products are commonly used in hotel rooms or the front gate of some buildings. The user can unlock the door by swiping a card or tag through the device without using the key. There is no physical contact though this process. RFID lock system (Fig.1) is identified to be safer then traditional key lock system. Additionally, it is more convenient for people to use such as to open the garage door when you are in the car. RFID technology have also been used in a variety of applications: Access management, Tracking of goods, Tracking of persons and animals, Toll collection and contactless payment, Machine readable travel documents, Smart dust (for massively distributed sensor networks), Tracking sports memorabilia to verify authenticity, Airport baggage tracking logistics, Timing sporting events FIGURE 1:Radio frequency identification (RFID) hotel lock system 1.1 History and development In 1945, Russian inventor Là ©on Theremin invented a covert listening device called The Thing which transmit audio signal through incident radio waves. Sound waves collected by a resonant cavity microphone which oscillated the resonator, which generates the reflected radio wave. This device was not an identification tag when it was built. Due to its passive, being energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, The Thing is considered a original form of RFID technology, see Fig.2. [7]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   FIGURE 2: the thing'(listening device) invented by Là ©on Theremin Similar to The Thing, the IFF transponder, was used in World War II by the German allies to identify aircraft (Identity: Friend or Foe) [3]. Transponders are still used nowadays. In 1948 Harry Stockman predicted that considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored.[4] is another early work exploring RFID. Mario Cardullos device a passive radio transponder with memory, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true prototype of modern RFID[8]. The initial device designed as a toll device was first demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential user. It was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, with 16 bit memory. The basic Cardullo patent take RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan was targeted to transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history) in 1969. In 1973, Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Frayman performed an early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. [5] The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. Today, the majority of UHFID and microwave RFID tags is using this technique. The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983. [6] 1.2 Principles of RFID technology Radio frequency identification system use radio wave to transmit information between tags and readers, see Fig.3. Certain information in the tag can be identified by the reader which can be used to unlock a door. In the tag there is a coil and a micro chip, the chip will respond when the tag is close to the reader through electromagnetic field. The coil in the reader act as a power source, meanwhile it is also an antenna to receive the data transmit by the tag, see Fig.4. [1]    (b) FIGURE 3:(a) RFID reader, (b) tags FIGURE 4: Working of RFID 1.2.1 Tags Radio frequency identification system use tags or labels as identifications. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers as known as interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. There are three type of RFID tags passive, active or battery-assisted passiveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ »9à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½. An active tagà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ »10à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½ is battery charged and its ID signal is periodically transmitted. One example of an active tag is the transponder attached to an aircraft that identifies its national origin [2]. Olivetti Research Ltds Active Badge, used to determine the location of people and objects in a building is an example of a small wearable active tag with a lifetime of about 1 year [11]. A battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a small on-board battery and is activated when in the range of an RFID reader. A passive tag is the cheapest and smallest among these three there is no battery in it the tag uses the radio energy from the electromagnetic field cause by the reader instead. However, passive tag requires a much stronger radio transmitter than for signal transmission. Tags could be read-only or read/write. Read-only tags have a serial number wrote in from the factory that is used as a key into a database, while read/write ones can have data write by system users. Field programmable tags can be write-once, read-multiple; blank tags can be written with an electronic product code by the user. Passive RFID tags contain at least three parts: a circuit, an antenna and some form of encapsulation, see Fig.5. [3]. The integrated circuit is used for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and the antenna for receiving power and transmitting the signal. The RFID tag includes either fixed or programmable logic for processing the transmission and sensor data, respectively. FIGURE 5:Logical components of an RFID tag. Note that the antenna can take many forms including a coil and a dipole depending on the tag type An RFID reader send an encoded radio signal to the tag. The tag then receives the message and communicates back with its identification and other information. This may be a unique tag serial number, product-related information, a password or other specific information. Since tags have individual serial numbers, the RFID system can discriminate among several tags and read them simultaneously when they are within the range of the RFID reader. 1.2.2 Readers Radio frequency identification system can be defined into 3 types by different tags and readers. A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT) system is a combination of passive reader (only receives radio signals) and active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The operation range of a Passive Reader Active Tag system reader can be adjusted from 0-600 m. Which allows flexibility in applications such as asset protection and supervision. An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags. An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tags return reporting signal. The signal intensity of readers can be set up to create a specific interrogation zone. A highly defined reading area can be created for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile readers may be hand-held or mounted on carts or vehicles. 1.3 A comparison between traditional KC system and RFID locking system The keycard (KC) lock system can be a lock operated by a keycard, a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions. The card stores a physical or digital signature which can be accepted by door mechanism. There are several common types of keycards in use, including the mechanical hole card, barcode, magnetic stripe, Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip), and RFID cards. Corresponding systems operate by physically moving detainers in the locking mechanism with the insertion of the card, by shining LEDs through a pattern of holes in the card and detecting the result, by swiping or inserting a magnetic stripe card, or in the case of RFID cards, merely being brought into close proximity to a sensor. RFID locks operate differently to the traditional magnetic and chip card hotel locks, using Radio Signals in order to communicate between the guests Keycard and the Lock. The older Magnetic Swipe and Chip Card systems have several drawbacks including short life cycle, impact on magnetic field, limited data storage. The older Keycard have to be inserted into the door lock. Scratches appears on the reading surface due to the physical contact between the magnetic stripe (or the Chip) and the reader. This eventually makes the cards unreadable by the lock. It will also cause failure when writing the card at the encoding station. The average life span of such a magnetic strip Key Card or chip cards is about 200 to 500 uses[3]. The older Keycard can easily be affected by small magnetic field (even interference from Mobile Phones), which makes the card unreadable and hence needing replacement. The traditional cards have a small memory capacity which makes it difficult to integrate cards with equipment like Lifts, Car Park Barriers, Vending Machines. The RFID Locks are contactlessà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’it operates by presenting the Key Card to the lock. The lock then reads the information stored on the card by means of RFID, and grants access to the room to valid cards. There is no physical contact between the lock and the card. With the help of RFID technology, magnetic strip or visible micro chip can be discard from the card and hence eliminates damage cause by physical contacts. This gives RFID card virtually unlimited life span. There is no need to replace or clean the reader heads. In addition the locks are free from opening slots preventing ingress of dirt, dust and other outside influences, prolonging the lifespan of the lock itself. 1.4 Limitations Although Radio frequency identification offers the benefits of relatively low cost compared to other wireless technology, being physically unobtrusive and enabling detailed stock tracking, it still has limitations. The cost of tags depends on their type. In the 2003 report RFID Systems in the Manufacturing Supply Chain [14]. Thought RFID tag can cost as little as a few cents and the cost has fallen over time, however, it still requires investment to install on a good. Comparing to the value of some goods it is not economically viable for tagging them. Especially for active tags (those that require a local power source), which can cost up to a dollar each. Different signals from the tags may interfering with one another. A February 2011 paper for the International Journal of Computer and Electric Engineering notes that it isnt easy to read multiple RFID tags simultaneously [1]. There is Computerized techniques for detangle such signals, but implementing and managing these techniques increases costs. [12][13] NFC and EPC global standards are two wide-scale adoption standards for RFID, but they are fundamentally incompatible [3]. Lack of standards is an issue when two different companies attempt to share and tracking RFID information. The IJCEE paper notes that RFID does not have fixed technical standards. Cooperating partners in RFID industry need to agree in standards concerning communication protocols, signal modulation types, data transmission rates, data encoding and frames, and collision handling algorithms. [1] There are three large regions of frequency allocations in the world the Americas; Asia and Australasia; and Europe and Africa. The variations in wireless frequencies ranges limits companies that want to use RFID tracking for international inventory management.[1] Intelligent Parking Assist System is a comfort function in some of the vehicles. The first system coming in the market monitored the front and rear of the vehicle and warned the driver if there is any object beside the vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors are wildly used in this technology. Together with ultrasonic sensors, video technology and some algorithms the vehicle itself is able to measure the length of a parking space and steer itself to the parking lot. Drivers must care only for the longitudinal control of his vehicle. 2.1 History and development In 1999 Toyota Motor Corporation developed The Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) for Lexus models in the United States initially for the Japanese market hybrid Prius models and Lexus models. The system assists drivers in parking their cars.[15][16]Vehicles equipped with the IPAS can drive itself into a parking lot with little control from the user. The Prius Hybrid sold in Japan in 2003 installed the first version of the system.[17] In 2006, an upgraded version of the system on the Lexus LS luxury sedan[18] featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyota. In 2009, the third generation Prius sold in the U.S has this feature. In Asia and Europe, the automatic parking technology is labelled as the IPAS for both Lexus and Toyota models, while in the U.S. the Advanced Parking Guidance System is only used for Lexus cars. Intelligent Parking Assist System initially was designed for reverse parallel parking.[17] The system estimated the location of the parking lot and steered the vehicle without Drivers intervention. Onboard computer used a camera and sensors built into the forward and rear of the car to detected the proximity of nearby vehicles. The dashboard showed an real-time image of the lot with a box, and the driver have to determine the exact final position of the vehicle in the lot by using arrows appeared on the screen. When satisfied, the user pressed the Set button, which will activated the IPAS. The system then took over steering control to maneuver the vehicle.[19] Early versions of this system cant detect objects properly, including cats, baby prams and pedestrians. Secondly when the driver used IPAS in a small space, the system continuously warning the user of the danger of hitting the object. User assistance is required in such situations. In 2005, recognition capability is added to the system for parking stripes.[19] A later version of this parking technology integrated the system with parking sensors in 2006.[19] This version calculated the steering movements needed for parallel or reverse parking, and help determine weather the car has enough clearance for a particular space with colored screen display. 2.2 Function Intelligent parking assist system is widely used in some of the Toyota, Lexus cars, even worlds top sport car McLaren P1 has IPAS. Following information is the instruction of IPAS in Toyota Prius Owners Manual.[20] Step 1: Drive your Toyota Prius up until you see the spot youd like to park in. It may be behind you or in front of you (unlike those of the Ford models, where the only thing you can do with their system is parallel park the car using its system).(Fig.6) FIGURE 6:IPAS instruction 1 Step 2: Press the ParkAssist button near the drivers side of the dashboard. (Fig.7) FIGURE 7:IPAS instruction 2 Step 3: Make sure that the back end of your vehicle is further forward than the spot your vehicle has been designated to be parked in.(Fig.8) FIGURE 8: IPAS instruction 3 Step 4: Look at your screen up on the dashboard. The vehicle will light up spots that it thinks there is a viable enough parking space located in. Not only will it light up the screen, but it will beep to alert you that there is a parking spot nearby that it can choose. Look for spots that turn into blue square areas. The vehicle can already determine that these spots are big enough and well suited enough to park the car there. (Fig.9) FIGURE 9: IPAS instruction 4 Step 5: Touch to fine-tune the parking space you believe would be a working space to park in. Use the arrow points on the screen to fine-tune the spot. Look for the car to find out what area you may be indicating as you move around the parking lot. The arrows will select the spot, and will highlight the spots. (Fig.10) FIGURE 10: IPAS instruction 5 Step 6: Adjust the parking space its designated.(Fig.11) FIGURE 11: IPAS instruction 6 Step 7: Touch the OK button in the bottom right corner of the dashboard screen.(Fig.12) FIGURE 12: IPAS instruction 7 Step 8: Put your car in Reverse gear and only keep your foot on the brake pedal. Operate only the brake pedal, as you park the car. (Fig.13) FIGURE 13: IPAS instruction 8 Step 9:Put your foot on the brake pedal, when youve backed up far enough without running through the building or into any designated non-parking areas.(Fig.14) FIGURE 14: IPAS instruction 9 Step 10: Cancel the guidance feature on your vehicle by pressing the X button on the display. (Fig.15) FIGURE 15: IPAS instruction 10 2.3 Principle of IPAS technology The IPAS use computer to process signals from the vehicles sonar warning system, backup camera and two additional forward sensors on the front side fenders(Fig.16). The sonar park sensors including multiple sensors on the forward and rear bumpers which detect objects, allowing the vehicle to calculate optimum steering angles during regular parking. [19] The Intelligent Parking Assist System expands on the function of these sensors and is accessible when the vehicle is shifted to reverse (which automatically activates the backup camera). The central processor calculates the best parallel or reverse park steering angles and then implement with the Electric Power Steering systems of the vehicle to guide the car into the parking spot. FIGURE 16: front sensors 2.4 Sensor technologies in Intelligent parking assist system 2.4.1 Ultrasonic sensor In the past 20 years, Ultrasonic sensors are used for many applications for military application in submarines, in Medicine for diagnostics, and as sensors for distance measurement in industry. Automotive applications use piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers since 1993 as they are small and robust.(Fig.17) The piezoelectric effect describes electromechanical property of a crystal. a mechanical deformation appears when a piezoelectric crystal is applied an electric field on its two sides. A mechanical deformation of the crystal can also generate an electric voltage measured at the crystals electrodes. The voltage is proportional to the deformation. Thus piezoelectric materials can be used as high frequency (ultrasonic) oscillation generators and sound wave receiver. An ultrasonic piezoelectric element can be considered as a loudspeaker and a microphone in one unit, therefore it is known as transducers. [21] FIGURE 17: the cross section of the car ultrasonic sensor 2.4.2 Video technology 2.4.2.1 CCD and CMOS technology CCD and CMOS are wildly used as image sensors. In a charge-coupled device (CCD), electrical charge move within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated. Linear array of MOS capacitances are combined so that a stored photo charge can be moved. Photo charge pairs are generated in the semiconductor under the influence of incident light. Interline-transfer CCDs are the mostly used type in automobile applications. (Fig.18) The charges are sequentially and vertically transferred to a register. [22] FIGURE 18: Interline-transfer CCD [21] CMOS sensors use non-integrating photodiodes which are independent from the exposure time. It has a characteristic similar to the human eye which means CMOS has a high dynamic range. CMOS sensors have more advantages than the more generally used CCDs: they have lower costs by taking advantage of submicron CMOS technology. Several functionalities can be integrated on the sensor itself. The power consumption is low as the circuitry in each pixel only activated during the readout period, there is no clock signal driving large capacitance as well. Readout speed can be enhanced by parallel access to multiple taps of the pixel array. As a result, CMOS sensors are favored using on automotive. 2.4.2.2 Video Cameras and Vision System FIGURE 19: structures and camera system structures of Parking and maneuver assistance systems There are four structures of video cameras, see Fig.19. The camera for photo only has a standard NTSC- format of its video data. Meanwhile, digital cameras with a LVDS interface are mostly used. The camera parameters can be controlled by an external CPU with the optional LIN/CAN interface. With the help of internal Graphic Processing Unit (GPU), smart cameras can extract features from the picture and thus provide additional information to the device. Due to the space and thermal conditions, these cameras are limited in its functionality. They are a combination of a digital camera with an external GPU called smart system in which two components can be connected via LVDS. An multi-camera system typically has more cameras in used. 2.5 Limitations on Parking Assistance Systems Ultrasonic technology has some limitations in functionality as follow. Sound absorbing materials are hardly seen by the system. The system has a short detection range for people who wears absorbing cloths. The system will be influenced by objects in the vicinity of the own vehicle, in particular the noise of compressed air like truck brakes. The detection range may differ by mud or snow covered on it under severe weather conditions.[23] Video technology has also restrictions: visibility range of cameras may reduced by poor weather conditions (Silicon sensor technology will have a significant impact). Like the ultrasonic sensor, camera lenses may be covered with mud or snow at poor weather conditions and must be cleaned frequently. Due to their limited performance, Parking systems based on ultrasonic sensors and cameras are therefore defined as comfort systems.[23] Ultrasonic sensors and video cameras are excellent supplement to each other for their different physical principles. Each technology has individual strengths supporting the weaknesses of the other. The camera-based system can be improved by being combined with an ultrasonic system with the ability to measure the distance to objects. This allows the detection of objects while visual quality is poor for the camera system. The video picture together with an ultrasonic parking system contains much more information for the driver. This is an important step towards more detection security and functional safety.[23] Radar sensors with a longer detection range can be mounted behind the bumper of the vehicle. They may be used for IPAS as well as for safety functions like collision avoidance or collision mitigation. [23] Radio frequency identification (RFID) and Intelligent parking assist system (IPAS) are wildly used in our daily life. This report discussed RFID in the field of electrical lock system and IPAS in car industry. The first RFID device was developed to be a mobile toll system, and the similar technology was invented to be an espionage tool back in 1945. Radio frequency identification use radio wave as a medium in communication between reader and tag. An RFID tag can be either passive or active. A passive tag is powered by electromagnetic field generated by the reader, while an active tag has its own battery. The reader send signal to interrogate the tag, the tag will respond when it is in the range of the reader. The data in the tag can be used as a key to unlock doors so that RFID lock system are generally used in hotels. Since the RFID has its contactless characteristic, RFID locker is better than traditional keycard mechanism. Locks with RFID technology have a longer life cycle and low maintain expense. However, it still has some drawbacks in cost, signal interference, frequency, standard. IPAS was first developed on Lexus models, the technology integrated ultrasonic sensor, camera system, electrical steering system and on board computer. The vehicle will drive itself to the parking lot without the drivers assist. The two main components ultrasonic sensor and camera supporting the weaknesses of the other. The ultrasonic sensors are used to detect surrounding objects while the camera is used to locate the parking area. The system has its limitations in signal interference, natural factors. References [1] Mandeep Kaur, Manjeet Sandhu, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder S. Sandhu, RFID Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations Its Applications, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Dec. 2011. [2] K. Finkelzeller, The RFID Handbook, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, 2003. [3] Roy. Want, RFID Explained: A Primer on Radio Frequency Identification Technologies, Morgan Claypool, 2006. [4] Stockman, Harry (October 1948), Communication by Means of Reflected Power, Proceedings of the IRE, 36 (10): 1196-1204. [5] Real Time Location Systems (PDF). clarinox. Retrieved 2010-08-04. [6] Charles A. Walton Portable radio frequency emitting identifier U.S. Patent 4,384,288 issue date May 17, 1983 [7] Hacking Exposed Linux: Linux Security Secrets Solutions (third ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. 2008. p. 298. ISBN [8] Genesis of the Versatile RFID Tag. RFID Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-22. [9] R. Want and D. Russell, Ubiquitous electronic tagging, IEEE DS-Online. [10] D. J. Moore, R. Want, et al., Implementing phicons: Combining computer vision with infrared technology for interactive physical icons, in Proc. ACM UIST99, Ashville, NC, pp. 67-68, Nov. 8-10, 1999. [11] R. Want, A. Hopper, V. Falcao, and J. Gibbons, The active bad

Graduation Speech Essay

â€Å"The heights by great man reach and kept were not attained by sudden flight, but they while their companions slept were toiling upwards through the night. †Ã‚  (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow  ) Members of the school board, principal and staff, distinguished guests in the audience and on the platform, parents, guardians, graduate, good afternoon. Our guest speaker for this afternoon is Mrs. Merlette Barrett-Fender. She was born in the parish of St. James. There, she attended the Salt Spring All Age School- later the Mt. Alvernia High School then went on to further her education at Shortwood Teachers’ College. She has worked at the Jamaica Telephone Company as an international operator. She later acquired a Bachelor’s Degree in Middle Grades Administration offered by Western Carolina University, at the Montego Bay site. Her zeal for leadership led her to access the Master of Science in Educational Leadership just two years later with the Jamaican Programme of Central Connecticut State University. She has worked at the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary levels of the education system, having the experience as class teacher, subject teacher of English Language and Literature at Cornwall College and as Principal. She presently holds the position of Academic Vice-Principal of Knox Community College. Mrs. Barrett-Fender posses a great love for her country and as a result has made the decision to remain in Jamaica. She takes great pleasure in working amongst Jamaica’s poorest, to help train and educate them and being the voice for some who are voiceless. As a member of the Upper St. James Consultative Committee, she conducts motivational talks to students and teachers. She is the lay preacher of the United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. She is dedicated to spreading the work of God for the upliftment of people. She possesses a vibrant personality, loves the outdoors, loves good company and enjoys helping others. Mrs. Barrett-Fender believes in having a sound character thus her everyday life is grounded in integrity. Her community involvement includes being a member of the Friends of the Hospital, the founder of Salt Spring All Age Past Students’ Association, past president and fund raising committee member, speaking at graduation exercises, Patron of the Knox Early Childhood Institute, motivational speaker, mentor and counselor. Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls; please put your hands together as I introduce to some and present to the others Mrs. Barrett-Fender.